Microbiology (BS 241)

Microbial dimensions  p 11 and figure 1.7
Know size ranges for eye, light microscope, and electron microscope and organisms generally visible in each range.

The microscope  pp 72-73
Know real image, virtual image, magnification of lenses, resolution, resolving power, numerical aperture, and formula for R.P.

Taxonomy  pp 18-22
Know taxonomy, classification, nomenclature, identification, levels of classification, Whittaker classification, and Woese classification.

Bacterial identification  p 111
Know examples of bacteria and their diseases in major groups of bacteria (Table 4.4): Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Neisseria, Bordetella, Pseudomonas, Legionella, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Proteus, Yersinia, Vibrio, Treponema, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma.

Bacterial shapes  pp 106-108
Know shapes, arrangements and specific examples mentioned in lecture.

The Gram stain  p 97
Know steps, colors, reagents (primary dye, mordant, decolorizer, counterstain) and theory (as discussed in lecture).

Exceptions in the cell wall pp 100-101
Know exceptions for Mycobacterium cell wall, archae, L forms, protoplast, spheroplast.

Incubation, inspection, and identification  p 68-69
Know differences between pure, axenic, mixed, and contaminated cultures.

Environmental factors  pp 198-201
Know cardinal temperatures, psychrophile, psychrotroph, mesophile, thermophile, aerobe, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile, anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, capnophile.

Study of microbial growth  pp 208-210
Be able to describe and define the stages of the growth curve.

Transformation and transduction  pp 282-283
What is transformation? What is being transferred? How is it transferred? What is the outcome? What is transduction? What is generalized transduction? Specialized transduction? What is the outcome of specialized transduction?

Methods used to size, synthesize, and sequence DNA  pp 294-297
Be able to define or describe the function of  these terms: oligonucleotides, DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, primer, DNA polymerase, amplicons. Why must heat tolerant polymerases be used?  What is the function of a dideoxy nucleotide?  Be able to describe the three basic steps of the PCR technique: denaturation, priming, and extension.

EXAM II (LECTURES 12-19)
Terminology  pp 319-320
Be able to define bactericide, fungicide, virucide, sporicide, germicide, disinfection, sepsis, asepsis, antisepsis, degermation.

Handscrubbing  p 340
Examine Figure 11.17 and be able to describe the influences of nongermicidal and germicidal soaps on handscrubbing.

How antimicrobial agents work  p 322
Why do detergents and alcohols effect cell walls? Are they more effective against gram-positive or gram-negative cell walls? Why?

Selecting antimicrobials  pp 373-376
What is the advantage of the Kirby-Bauer technique? The disadvantage? What is the advantage of an MIC? What is the therapeutic index? Why determine it? Is a smaller or larger ratio more toxic?

Antivirals  pp 362-364, 762-763
What are the specific uses for acyclovir, azidothymidine, ribavirin, protease inhibitors (saquinavir, indinavir), amantadine.

Antiparasitics  p 362
What are the specific uses for quinine, chloroquine, primaquine, metronidazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole.

EXAM III (LECTURES 20-29)
Fever  pp 436-437
What is normal temperature? How is it maintained? What do pyrogens do? What are the specific fever ranges for low, medium, high? What is the relationship of endotoxin to fever? Of interleukin-1? Of tumor necrosis factor? What are the benefits of fever? What are the recommendations for treatment of fever?

Leprosy  pp 586-588
What is the etiology? Morbidity worldwide? In USA? Transmission? Incubation? Describe tuberculoid leprosy. Describe lepromatous leprosy. Treatment?

Staphylococcal disease  pp 538-540
Describe the difference between a carbuncle and furuncle. What is impetigo? Osteomyelitis? SSSS?

Long-term complications of Group A Infections pp 548-549
What is AGN? The symptoms?

Immunological function  pp 469
What is the difference between artificial passive immunity and artificial active immunity? What is ISG? SIG?

EXAM IV (LECTURES 30-43)
Lyme disease  pp 630-632
What is the etiology? Transmission? Morbidity? Early treatment? Late treatment?

The Rickettsias  pp 637-642
What is the vector for epidemic typhus? Endemic typhus? Scrub typhus? Rocky Mountain Spotted fever? Cat-scratch disease? How is Q fever transmitted to humans? What treatment is recommended for these diseases?

The Chlamydiaciae  pp 642-645
What is the etiology of ocular trachoma? Inclusion conjunctivitis? Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)? Ornithosis? What is the recommended treatment for these illnesses?

Viruses-structure  pp 159-168
What are the size ranges for viruses? What is a capsid? A nucleocapsid? An envelope? A naked nucleocapsid? A capsomer? What is a helical capsid? A polygon capsid? What is the function of the capsid? The envelope? What is a complex virus? A bacteriophage? What type of nucleic acid do viruses contain?

Variola  pp 727-729
What is variola? Describe its morbidity and mortality. What are the current vaccination recommendations?

Cytomegaloviruses  pp 734-735
What is congenital CMV? Perinatal CMV? Cytomegalovirus mononucleosis? Disseminated cytomegalovirus?

Epstein-Barr Virus  pp 735-737
What diseases are caused by this virus?

Influenza  pp 750-754
Basic structure (RNA or DNA?, Single or Double stranded?, Enveloped?), What is Hemagglutinin? Neuraminidase? Transmission? Treatment? Prevention?

Mumps  pp 756-757
What is epidemic parotitis? Complications? Treatment?

Measles  pp 757-758
What is rubeola? What are Koplik's spots? Transmission? Prevention?

Rabies  pp 759-761
Incubation? Contrast furious versus dumb forms of rabies. What is the use of HRIG? HDCV?

Fungi  pp 664-665; 671-680
What kind of mold is Histoplasma capsulatum? What is the treatment? What is the causative agent of tinea pedis? What is thrush? Vulvovaginal candidiasis? Onychomycosis? Cutaneous candidiasis? What is the importance of Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci? What is Aspergillosis? Zygomycosis?

Protista  p 688-691
What are the etiologic agents of Amebiasis, Balantidiosis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Malaria, and Toxoplasmosis? Which are ameboid? Ciliated? Flagellated? Apicomplexan?

Helminths  pp 705-708
What is the difference between the intermediate and definitive hosts? What are the etiologic agents for Ascariasis, Schistosomiasis (blood fluke), Beef tapeworm? Are they nematodes? Trematodes? Cestodes? Which leukocytes are most effective against these pathogens? What infections are mebendazole used for? What infections are praziquantel used for?
 
Each exam will include information from lectures and reading assignments